A framework for understanding physical ecosystem engineering by organisms. Oikos — Presents a useful and well-organized synthesis of ecosystem engineering interactions and the consequences for physical factors, other organisms, and the engineer itself.
Lawton, and M. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Positive and negative effects of organisms as physical ecosystem engineers.
Ecology — This follow up to Jones, et al. Makes some general statements about the expected significance of ecosystem engineers through the net positive and negative interactions at various spatial and temporal scales. Lawton, J.
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Not a member? Sign up for My OBO. Already a member? Publications Pages Publications Pages. Subscriber sign in You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Username Please enter your Username. Password Please enter your Password. Forgot password? For can be severe. At macrofaunal organisms Lee et al. It should be noted that in some in- tures, as well as their stiffness Friedrichs and Graf, ; Peralta et al.
The structures built by of benthic organisms. These structures modulate the recruitment of benthic cluding mollusc shells, coiled faecal casts, maerl and furrows Fig.
The abundance and diversity of macrofaunal assemblages organism's biological activity. For instance, kelp macroalgae produce increase within and upon biogenic structures, both in the short and large quantities of exudates Abdullah and Fredriksen, which can long-term Callaway, , ; Rabaut et al. Similar effects ganic matter Braeckman et al. However, on macrofauna have been demonstrated for other engineers, such as Please cite this article as: Passarelli, C.
Diversity of biogenic structures. Mollusc shell. Macroalgal fragment. Tube of Lanice conchilega. Zostera marina. Other assemblages, partic- 3. Finally, biogenic structures were shown to prompt teristics that promote resistance to erosion Black et al.
Assessing which factors are the Eckman, , while no effect of these structures was demonstrated major resistive forces is not straightforward as they have complex and in situ at a longer temporal scale Passarelli et al. Nevertheless, sometimes antagonistic effects on sediment stability. The effects of roughness elements on hydrodynamics can explain Average particle grain size and particle size distribution i. Notably, sedi- when biogenic structures becomes more complex Bell, In addition, temporal effects may be Furthermore, microbial secretions of extracellular polymeric accentuated, as the ecosystem engineer itself is likely to show seasonal substances EPS: a general term for polymers secreted from cells development or variations in growth.
For instance, L. For example, kelp forests damaged by winter storms take much increased sediment stability Paterson, Coastal Please cite this article as: Passarelli, C. Fracture face; the sediment surface is at the top. They response to these environmental stresses, microbes have developed are classically divided into two main categories Giere, : the perma- different strategies. In this context, EPS secretion can be seen as a pro- nent which corresponds to organisms that spent their entire life cycle in tection mechanism against resuspension but has many other important this size category and temporary meiofauna which corresponds to roles Decho, The demonstration of this hitherto unrecognised juvenile stages of larger organisms: i.
Macrofauna capacity of microorganisms to promote resistance to erosion and par- refers therefore to larger organisms i. Faunal cial ecosystem engineers in tidal environments. But any attempt to classify macrofaunal and Matsumoto, ; Leppard, ; Underwood and Paterson, organisms as net destabilisers would be spurious. It has been proved ; Wotton, Thus EPS display a great molecular complexity ute transport in cohesive sediments, so that bioturbators have long been and diversity, and have a multitude of forms, size, and activities Decho, considered as engineers Levinton, However, bioturbatory ef- In coastal Huettel and Webster, Other mole- Due to their small size, meiofauna organisms are generally not referred cules such as exoenzymes e.
These irrigation activities ment stability. Meiofauna are small benthic invertebrates that live in by meiofauna organisms generally promote microbial remineralisation both marine and fresh water environments Higgins and Thiel, ; of organic matter Aller, Also, stabilising and destabilising species tend by macrofauna grazing pressure have also been recorded by Hydrobia to exclude each other Volkenborn et al. This can have , so that communities are highly dependent on the stabilisation important implications for food—web interactions and ecosystem func- state of the sediment, and therefore on the ecosystem engineers tions such as sediment stability Orvain et al.
However, grazing by meiofauna organisms on mi- 4. It was suggested that nematode mucus tracks contain a pods. Such cascades are likely to have a crucial role for the development substantial amount of polysaccharides which facilitate the development of benthic communities and examples are numerous. Riemann and tlement of bacteria, may alter the recruitment of benthic organisms, as Helmke also suggested that several mucus secreting nematodes bacterial secretions often provide settlement cues.
It should be noted that the diverse organ- been demonstrated in the past years and studies show non-additive ef- isms affecting sediment stability are likely to display seasonal variations, fects when two engineers impact the same habitat or resource Crowe so that their effects and interactions might be temporally varied.
Yet, if et al. For instance, Boyer and Fong studied the combined effects are strong enough, they will affect sediment stability on a yearly effects of the snail Cerithidea californica and the crab Pachygraspus average basis. Interplay between sediment stability and benthic communities in intertidal environments.
Hydrodynamic features have not been displayed. Surprisingly, macroalgal cover was completely removed also in an enhanced capture of water born particles by the bed. The authors pointed out that ef- These two groups of ecosystem engineers, although very different by fects of both engineers together were not possible to predict from size, organisation, and phylogeny, thus act cooperatively in a way which the knowledge of individual effects.
Also, these non-additive effects have been demonstrated to vary according to envi- 5. Conclusion, and possible threats on ecosystem engineers ronmental conditions and context Bulling et al. In this context, Odling-Smee engineers and their potential effects on community composition highlighted that the limited resources available for nature conservation and ecosystem functioning. However, Passarelli et al. Ecosystem engineers are there- gineering effect has been assessed through an in situ experimental fore potentially interesting conservation targets Crain and Bertness, study.
For instance, erosions of soils and sediments chaete tubes on diatom development and sediment stability. Also, sediment adhesive capacity, which has been demon- whereby erosion may increase in the next decades. An estimate of strated to be a proxy for sediment stability Lubarsky et al. First, biogenic per year for owners Heinz Centre for Science Economics and the structures produced by benthic macrofauna facilitate the development Environment, First, natural catastrophes may destroy populations of engi- from the assemblages present in non-stable sediments Volkenborn and neers, and effects on community will then depend on the ability of these Reise, ; Volkenborn et al.
Secondly, it is interesting to consider that sed- Lubarsky et al. Moreover, some biological invasions have been iment stability is affected by the hydrodynamic pattern at sediment shown to produce great effects on the composition and functioning of surface and by the adhesion of sediment particles Madsen et al.
These effects are The role of positive interactions in communities: les- sons from intertidal habitats. Ecology Working with natural cohe- L. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 2—8. Bolam, S. Dense aggregations of tube-building polychaetes: re- sponse to small-scale disturbances. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecol- Loss of local diversity, change in ecosystem functioning and decrease ogy , — The implications of niche construction and such threats.
More durable and dramatic effects may occur if the pertur- ecosystem engineering for conservation biology. Bioscience 56, — Bouma, T. Helgoland Marine Research For instance, van der Boyer, K. Co-occurrence of habitat-modifying invertebrates: effects on Heide et al. Oecologia , — Bozec, Y.
Reciprocal facilitation and non- wasting disease in the s. When present, these marine angiosperms linearity maintain habitat engineering on coral reefs. Oikos , — Marine Ecology Progress Series , — Braeckman, U.
After the disease, due to the destruction of the plants, turbid- Biological vs. PLoS One 6. In turn, this increase in tur- Bulling, M. This catastrophic switch is Caliman, A. Bioturbating space a good example of what might happen to current crucial ecosystem en- enhances the effects of non-additive interactions among benthic ecosystem engi- gineers due to environmental hazard combined with changes in their neers on cross-habitat nutrient regeneration.
Oikos Callaway, R. Long-term effects of imitation polychaete tubes on benthic fauna: they environmental conditions. In other conditions, Z. Tube worms promote community change. Marine Ecology Progress Series , 49— Competition and facilitation: a synthetic approach to ence diverse ecosystem engineers and their interactions is an ongoing interactions in plant communities.
A good understanding of how ecosystem engi- Crain, C. Ecosystem engineering across environmental gradients: implications for conservation and management.
Interactive effects of losing key grazers and eco- mining the key processes for ecosystem functioning and their future system engineers vary with environmental context. Marine Ecology Progress Series in changing conditions. Dade, W. Predicting erosion resistance of muds. Ma- rine Geology , — Acknowledgments Dayton, P. Science Destabilization of cohesive intertidal The authors thank J. Fournier for providing pictures of Z.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53, — This work received support from the De Mesel, I. DMP proposed the concept down impact of bacterivorous nematodes on the bacterial community structure: a microcosm study. Environmental Microbiology 6, — Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role s Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland and this is in food webs and marine processes. In: Barnes, M.
Aberdeen University Press, pp. Decho, A. Continental Council grant reference HR and contributing institutions. The Shelf Research 20, — Hydrodynamic processes affecting benthic recruitment. Limnology manuscript. Eckman, J. Flow disruption by an animal-tube mimic affects sediment bacterial colonization. Journal of Marine Research 43, — References Eckman, J.
Sediment destabilization by animal tubes. Journal of Marine Research 39, — Abdullah, M. Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved Eckman, J. Current and wave dynamics in the shallow organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. Ecology Progress Series , 45— Download preview PDF. Skip to main content. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available. Advertisement Hide. Authors Authors and affiliations John H. Lawton Clive G. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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